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±ÛÀº Portraits from Memory ¿¡ ³ª¿Â´í´Ù.

Let us come to the question how history should be written if it is to produce the best possible result in the nonhistorical reader. Here there is first of all an extremely simple requirement: it must be interesting. I mean that it must be interesting not only to men who for some special reason wish to know some set of historical facts, but to those who are reading in the same spirit in which one reads poetry or a good novel. This require first and foremost that the historian should have feelings about the events that he is relating and the characters that he is portraying. It is of course imperative that the historian should not distort facts, but it is not imperative that he should not take sides in the clashes and conflicts that fill his pages. An historian who is impartial, in the sense of not liking one party better than another and not allowing himself to have heroes and villians among his characters, will be a dull writer. If the reader is to be interested, he must be allowed to take sides in the drama. If this causes an historian to be one-sided, the only remedy is to find another historian with an opposite bias. The history of the Reformation, for example, can be interesting when it is written by a Protestant historian, and can be equally interesting when it is written by a Catholic historian. If you wish to know what it felt like to live at the time of the Wars of Religion you will perhaps succeed if you read both the Protestant and Catholic histories, but you will not succeed if you read only men who view the whole series of events with complete detachment. Carlyle said about his history of the French Revolution that his book was itself a kind of French Revolution. This is true, and it gives the book a certain abiding merit in spite of its inadequency as an historical record. As you read it you understand why people did what they did, and this is one of the most important things that a history ought to do for a reader. At one time I read what Diodorus Siculus has to say about Agathocles, who appeared as an unmitigated ruffian. I looked up Agathocles afterwards in a modern reference book and found him represented as bland and statesmanlike and probably innocent of all the crimes imputed to him. I have no means of knowing which of these two accounts is the more true, but I know that the whitewashing account was completely uninteresting. I do not like a tendency, to which some modern historians are prone, to tone down everything dramatic and make out the heroes were not so very heroic, villains not so very villainous. No doubt a love of drama can lead a historian astray, but there is drama in plenty that requires no falsification, though only literary skill can convey it to the reader. ¿ª»çÃ¥À» ¾î¶»°Ô ¾²´Â °ÍÀÌ Àü¹®°¡°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô °¡Àå ÁÁÀº °á°ú¸¦ °¡Á®´Ù ÁÙÁö¸¦ »ý°¢ÇØ º¸ÀÚ. ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ Áö±ØÈ÷ °£´ÜÇÑ ¿ä°ÇÀÌ Çϳª Àִµ¥, ±×°ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î Àç¹Õ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áö±Ý ³ª´Â ¾î¶² Ưº°ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ» °¡Áö°í ¿ª»çÀû »ç½ÇµéÀ» ¾Ë·Á°í ÇÏ´Â µ¶ÀÚ¿¡°Ô¸¸ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½Ã³ª ¼Ò¼³À» Àд ±âºÐÀ¸·Î Ã¥À» Àд »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ôµµ Àç¹Õ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¸»À» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ¿ª»ç°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¾²·Á°í ÇÏ´Â »ç°ÇÀ̳ª, ±×°¡ ±×·Á³»·Á´Â Àι°¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¾î¶² ´À³¦À» °¡Áú °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù. ´ç¿¬ÇÑ °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, »ç½ÇÀ» ¿Ö°îÇØ¼­ ¾ÈµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÇʼöÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×°¡ ±×ÀÇ Áö¸éÀ» ä¿ï Ãæµ¹°ú °¥µî ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¾î¶² ÆíÀ» µéÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÇʼöÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Çϰí ÀÖ´Â À̾߱⠼ӿ¡¼­ ÀڽŸ¸ÀÇ ¿µ¿õ°ú ¾Ç´çÀÌ ¾ø´Ù´Â Àǹ̿¡¼­, Ä¡¿ìħÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¿ª»ç°¡¶õ °á±¹ Àç¹Ì¾ø´Â ÀÛ°¡ÀÌ´Ù. µ¶ÀÚ°¡ À̾߱⸦ Áñ°Ì°Ô ÀÐÀ¸·Á¸é, ±×°¡ ¾î¶² ÆíÀ» µé¼öÀÖµµ·Ï ÇØ¾ßÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸¾à¿¡ À̰ÍÀÌ ¿ª»ç°¡·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÇÑÂÊ¿¡ Ä¡¿ìÄ¡°Ô ¸¸µç´Ù¸é, À̸¦ ÇØ°áÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀº, ¹Ý´ëÆíÀÇ ÀÔÀå¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿ª»ç°¡¸¦ ã´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, Á¾±³°³ÇõÀÇ ¿ª»ç°¡ ½Å±³µµÀÎ ÀÛ°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾²¿©Áø´Ù¸é Àç¹Ì¸¦ ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í Ä«Å縯 ½ÅÀÚÀÎ ¿ª»ç°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾²¿©Áø´ÙÇØµµ, ¿ª½Ã µ¿µîÇÑ Áñ°Å¿òÀ» ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Á¾±³ÀüÀïÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ´ç½Ã¿¡ »ì¾Ò´õ¶ó¸é ¾î¶² ´À³¦À» °¡Á³À»±î¸¦ ¾Ë°í ½Í´Ù°í ÇÏÀÚ. ¸¸¾à¿¡ ½Å±³µµ ÀÛ°¡¿Í Ä«Å縯 ÀÛ°¡ÀÇ Ã¥À» ´Ù ÀÐ´Â´Ù¸é ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÀÌ ¸ñÀûÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç°ÇÀÇ Àü°³¿¡¼­ µ¿¶³¾îÁø ÃÊ¿¬ÇÑ ÀÛ°¡ÀÇ À̾߱⸦ Àд´ٸé, ÀÌ´Â Àý´ë·Î ¼º°øÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. Ä«¾Ë¶óÀÏÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥¿¡ ´ëÇØ, ±× ÀÚü°¡ ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸íÀ̶ó´Â À̾߱⸦ Çß´Ù. ÀÌ´Â »ç½ÇÀ̸ç, ÀÌ Á¡ÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÌ ¿ª»çÀû ±â·ÏÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ºÎÀûÀýÇÔ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ÀÌ Ã¥¿¡ ¾î¶² ¿µ¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¸Å·ÂÀ» ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 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